A Systematic Review on Persistence of Seminal Stains on Washed Substrates
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.48165/jfmt.2026.43.03.17Keywords:
Semen, Seminal fluid, Seminal stains, Semen examination, Forensic serology, Semen identification, Substrates, Washed fabricsAbstract
In forensic investigations, especially in sexual assault scenarios, Semen is essential evidence as it remains persistent on substrates, defying manual and machine-washing efforts. There are many recent studies on persistence of semen stains on substrates and factors affecting it. This systematic review highlights the impact of substrate and time lapse of machine-washes on the persistence of seminal stains. The conventional and recent detection methods for washed semen stains were discussed. A systematic search was conducted for the relevant studies on the persistence of seminal stains published in peer-reviewed journals using electronic database such as PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. A total of 12 studies were identified and counted in the systematic review. Study found that factors such as substrate type, texture, and conventional detection methods like prostate-specific antigen tests, acid phosphatase tests, crystal tests, and microscopic examination are used to detect seminal stains. Advances in detection techniques like Sperm Tracking TM, digital background reduction in fluorescence imaging, and raman spectroscopy offer greater accuracy and sensitivity. The review highlights the need for further research to understand additional factors influencing semen stain persistence and develop more reliable methods for their detection and analysis.
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